The treatment of wastewater is essential to maintaining public health. The UK has a natural monopoly of privatised water companies, tasked with the supply and treatment of both wastewater and drinking water. Ofwat, the water regulator, has put a push on innovation being a priority for all water companies in the UK, releasing in 2020 a £200 million fund to 'support innovation initiatives which deliver significant benefits for customers, society and the environment'.
Section 82 of the 2021 Environment Act sets out requirements for the monitoring of water quality upstream and downstream of effluent outflows in England's rivers.
Water management runs in five-year cycles known as “Asset Management Periods” or “AMPs” for brevity. During this time, water companies are required to meet specific targets for performance and service provided whilst adequately justifying their spending to the regulator.